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ATTACHMENT THEORY

Most people think of fear as a running away from something, but there is another side to it. We run TO something, usually a person... It is screamingly obvious, but I believe it to be a new idea.

 John Bowlby

JOHN BOWLBY (1907 — 1990): Founder of Attachment Theory
MARY AINSWORTH (1913 — 1999): Designer of Strange Situation Protocol
MARY MAIN (1943 — 2024): Designer, with collaborators, of Adult Attachment Interview

Attachment is the neurobiological evolutionary behavior strategy employed by the human infant in service of survival during the first years of life and becomes, through implicit memory, the template for all other learning and metaphoric expression. The caregiver's (parent or daycare person) interactions with the infant, either sensitive or insensitive, attuned or unattuned, regulate the infant's homeostatic and affective states - and become the embodied mind of the child. These patterns last a lifetime.

 

If the caregiver is successful, the infant will reach her fullest birthright and potential: the ability to relate, connect, feel sympathy, compassion, understanding, forgiveness, and love for another living creature, plus the ability to experience herself as an initiating agent in the world, with competence, integrity, freshness of insight, awareness and joy of curiosity, and the discovery of Self and the Other. The individual will be able to know intuitively and think relationally, being flexible and balanced in life.

 

If caregiving is unsuccessful, the True Self is conflicted between the inherent desire to trust and relate to an other, and the learned strategy of avoiding trust, faith, or belief in an other. The individual will experience unregulated anger or numbness and conflict with Self. In unconscious protection by the False Self and the terror that initiation of action will destroy herself - or others - the person becomes either passive or reactive in the world.

Secure

The baby's caregivers prioritize the baby's needs, accept the baby for who she is, and are curious about who she is. They follow the baby's lead and respond appropriately.

Baby learns she can get a response reliably, consistently, and in a timely way. Baby also learns she can demand as much time as she needs to calm down. Even when baby is frustrated she learns that there will be repair.

These babies grow into Secure adults.

Anxious Avoidant 

This baby's caregiver often ignores the baby's needs. Caregiver does not see the baby is an individual who is communicating with her, so caregiver will continue to ignore baby. Baby’s expectations for soothing are not met.

Baby learns crying doesn’t work and baby self-soothes (Ex: by thumbsucking) or through distracting herself (Ex: by taking her gaze away from mother’s face and looking at her own hand).

These babies grow up to be adults that use a Dismissive strategy.

​Anxious Ambivalent/Resistent

The baby's caregivers will sometimes meet the baby's needs, but often misinterpret them as well. For example, caregiver picks up the baby and distracts him with a toy. Baby is momentarily distracted and stops crying. Caregiver assumes baby is soothed and puts baby down too soon.

Baby learns not to give up hope, but just keep crying and that if she cries long enough caregiver will stop distracting and actually soothe her, even if briefly.

Baby uses his agency not for himself, but in order to get a response from caregiver. These babies grow up to be adults to use a Preoccupied strategy.

Disorganized

Caregiver responds inappropriately to baby - yells at baby, continues to ignore, or distracts baby, hits, or shakes baby… Caregiver does not comfort baby. 

Baby learns that nothing it does gets a predictable response. Baby cannot take care of itself and cannot rely on others.

This baby will grow up to be an adult who has failed to mourn (their childhood) and does not see how much RAGE they have.

We are here concerned with nothing less than the nature of love and its origins in the attachment of a baby to his mother…acquired in the course of interaction…and the feedback he experiences as a consequence of his actions.

— Mary Ainsworth​

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It is not the content, but how the person constructs their answers that allows the Adult Attachment Interview to surprise the unconscious.

— Mary Main

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[Developmental trauma is the result of parents who are] frightened, frightening or dissociated.

— Eric Hesse

Copyright © 2025 True Self Project. No part of this website my be copied without permission. All text was written by Dr. Marythelma Ransom unless otherwise specified. Wix web design by Pam Castaldi.

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